Child and Man free essay sample

Understanding the importance of the kid is father of the man The axiom implies that the direct of a kid shows what sort of man he will be in his future life. It is said that youth shows the man as morning shows the day. On the off chance that the morning is reasonable, the day is required to be reasonable. On the off chance that the kid gives indications of good character it is normal that he will be a decent man in future. Propensities for youth structure the character of the adult man. Obviously, instruction and condition have some impact in forming a man’s character; however they don't totally change his normal bowed of brain. It is, consequently, critical to watch the normal bowed of psyche of a youngster. On the off chance that it is acceptable, it ought to be permitted to develop appropriately in the correct manner. Now and then a kid shows a characteristic twisted of science. We will compose a custom exposition test on Youngster and Man or then again any comparable subject explicitly for you Don't WasteYour Time Recruit WRITER Just 13.90/page In the event that he is appropriately coordinated, he will in future be a fruitful man of science. Consequently vocation experts presently test the fitness of a youngster with the goal that he might be effectively guided and have a fruitful profession throughout everyday life. Again as the direct of a youngster extraordinarily shapes the character of an adult man, it ought to be the obligation of the guardians to see that a kid gains no unfortunate propensity. It is hard to shake off the propensities for youth. A kid has a truly susceptible brain. Positive or negative, as it might be, that impression keep going long. A kid ought to in this way be raised in acceptable condition. He ought not be permitted to blend in with insidious organization. He composed it as to the encounters of the three phases of advancement in a man’s life-adolescence, youth, and mature age. It was Wordsworth’s perception that what we experience as youngsters makes us the individuals we are the point at which we are more established. Adolescence is the most basic and significant part in a person’s improvement. The Jesuits used to accept that the initial seven years of a person’s life are his most retaining years. In the event that the correct seeds are planted in these seven years the gather would be foreordained. When a kid arrives at the age of seven, his character is to a great extent set and he starts to demonstrate looks at the man he will be. A youngster is unconstrained and unselfish in sharing his adoration and it is this that makes the change to full adulthood attainable. However the discontinuous section of youth regularly observes the propensity of the adoration to be dominated by the quick growth of the immature astuteness, and this awkwardness of psyche and heart frequently is the purpose behind the torments of pre-adulthood. Anyway the characteristics of the grown-up that in the end surface in us are a huge impression of our most punctual, unselfish, ostensibly arriving at affection which is later invigorated by our insight and experience. The youngster is the seed from which will develop forward the grown-up man. There are different settings in which this citation is utilized. It can likewise imply that we attempt to encourage our youngsters all that we have adapted yet some place down the line our kids show us things that we have overlooked. They instruct us to grin, to chuckle, to cherish and to excuse; basic unconstrained things that we have overlooked driving our bustling lives. A different line of thought is that today’s kids will be the dads of tomorrow’s men. What we instill in our children’s minds today will be passed onto the people in the future. A bunch of today’s adolescents will be presidents, creators, rationalists, researchers and they will control the world. This parcel will settle on choices that influence the lives of ages yet to come and they will be known as the â€Å"fathers of men†. The other side of this citation is that a man’s kids are regularly his Achilles heel. While he may not bow to any other person, regularly even with influence from his youngsters, he will surrender persuading that the kid is the dad of man. One more flip side to this citation is that when man develops old he starts to carry on like a youngster. He needs to do things that the specialist hasn’t recommended, he longs for consideration and frequently pitches up fits like a newborn child causing one to accept that really kid is the dad of man. There are some who accept that there is a karmic inflection in this citation. What we do in our current lives influences our future lives. Youngster speaks to our present and man speaks to our future lives. So the end is drawn that kid is the dad of man meaning our present makes our future. Youngster Is the Father of Man This incomprehensible line of Wordsworth communicates a significant truth. It implies that all the characteristics, mental, good and physical, which will be found later on man are conceivably present in the kid. Similarly as the future tree preâ ­exists in the sprout, the future man pre-exists in the youngster. Adolescence is the most naive time of a keeps an eye on life. It is a period when his fundamental character is being formed. The characteristics which a youngster acquires from his folks, joined with those which he creates because of his childhood, start to show themselves in the early years. Remembering this reality, guardians and instructors should attempt to shape the character of youngsters, dealing with their wellbeing and encompassing them with great impacts. As indicated by current brain research, the encounters of youth have an enduring impact. A portion of these encounters lie covered in the more profound psyche of the adult man and impact his conduct without his insight. A few models confirm reality of the comment that the youngster is father of the man. Napoleon as a kid was attached to building fortresses of day off raging or safeguarding them, consequently portending his later noteworthy accomplishment as a General. At the point when Nelson was a kid he was once inquired as to whether he had no dread. He answered Fear! What's going on here? I never knew dread. This youngster was bound to turn into the gallant legend of Trafalgar. Shivaji as a kid demonstrated an unmistakable fascination for governmental issues and was attached to hearing stories from the Indian legends. Macaulay who is well known for his astounding memory read a great deal even as a student, and recollected all that he had perused. That is the reason in his works he as often as possible uses the articulation As each school kid knows-which makes us uncomfortable in light of the fact that we don't have the foggiest idea what this student knows. There are, obviously, special cases. A few men of virtuoso don't appear to have given early signs of their future enormity. Numerous English writers like Wordsworth and Shelley were articulated morons at school.

Decribe the key issue Abu Ghraib free essay sample

Blueprint a key issue for dutifulness, talk about by utilizing hypotheses/reads from submission for what occurred in Abu Ghraib The Abu Ghraib jail is an infamous jail in Iraq, situated in Abu Ghraib, close to Baghdad. US troopers were advised to mishandle and embarrass the detainees by their pioneers; this included tying them up, treating them like canines, and in some cases explicitly annoying them. In April 2004 the maltreatment at Abu Ghraib were uncovered with photographs and recordings giving US warriors manhandling exposed Iraqis. On the 22nd October 2004, a US solider †Staff sergeant Ivan Chip Frederick, matured 38 was condemned to 8 years detainment for explicitly and truly ambushing prisoners which remembered playing out a counterfeit electric shock for a person. Boss Warrant Officer Kevin Kramer, a military insight official alluded to an email sent by US order in Baghdad advising him to arrange his investigative specialists to pummel detainees. The email said that they â€Å"wanted the prisoners to be broken†. This hypothesis could be utilized in light of the fact that the officers are prepared to be specialists of power and accept they have an obligation to secure America as operators of society in this way as warriors, they would be operators complying with the requests as opposed to self-ruling people settling on their own choices. The fighters would not have been in a self-governing state, and would have in this manner been progressively ready to do the requests given to them by a position figure. This may have been on the grounds that the fighters were under the impressions that they would not be considered answerable for their activities consequently they thought it was worthy to torment the Iraqi prisoners just as corrupting them simultaneously. The organization hypothesis can be utilized for what occurred at Abu Ghraib. The US troopers were in an agentic state; they were a specialist for the power, in the soldier’s case the authority was the higher up in order officials. At the point when they were given an occupation to accomplish for instance, to explicitly bother a detainee they did it since they considered it to be their obligation not their own decision. The officers assumed no liability for their activities since they were advised to do them. At the point when the maltreatment at Abu Ghraib was presented to people in general, all the fighters said were that â€Å"they were just after orders†. In the soldier’s eyes and brain they were just carrying out their responsibility they were not submitting any off-base. The position had unlimited authority over them and could advise them to do anything and they would do it. Yet, when this maltreatment was uncovered the fighters agentic state stalled and they began to acknowledge they had fouled up and got into a self-ruling state and afterward tookâ responsibility for their activities, as they understood they didn’t need to tail them however at the time they accepted they needed to on the grounds that they were not in control. Joe Darby was the person who took the photographs and announced them; he was a ‘whistleblower’. An informant is somebody who reports something to somebody which is occupied with unlawful movement. Zimbardo’s jail trial can likewise be utilized as an examination to clarify what occurred in Abu Ghraib. In 1971, therapist Philip Zimbardo and his partners set out to make a trial that took a gander at the effect of turning into a detainee or jail watch. Zimbardo, a previous cohort of Stanley Milgram, was keen on developing Milgrams inquire about. He needed to additionally explore the effect of situational factors on human conduct. The analysts set up a fake jail in the storm cellar of Standford Universitys brain science building, and afterward chose 24 college understudies to assume the jobs of the two detainees and gatekeepers. The members were chosen from a bigger gathering of 70 volunteers since they had no criminal foundation, needed mental issues and had no significant ailments. While the Stanford Prison Experiment was initially scheduled to most recent 14 days, it must be halted after only six days because of what was befalling the understudy members. The watchmen got oppressive and the detainees started to give indications of outrageous pressure and nervousness. While the detainees and gatekeepers were permitted to connect in any capacity they needed, the communications were commonly antagonistic or in any event, dehumanizing. The gatekeepers started to act in manners that were forceful and injurious toward the detainees, while the detainees got detached and discouraged. Five of the detainees started to experience such extreme negative feelings, including crying and intense tension that they must be discharged from the investigation early. As indicated by Zimbardo and his associates, the Stanford Prison Experiment exhibits the amazing job that the circumstance can play in human conduct, Because the watchmen were put in a place of intensity, they started to carry on in manners they would not regularly act in their regular day to day existences or in different circumstances. The detainees, set in a circumstance where they had no genuine control, got uninvolved and discouraged. This examination is a lot of like the Abu Ghraib, despite the fact that the members of Zimbardo weren’t advised to be forceful, they took the position power, much the same as the US order did in Abu Ghraib. Similarity is likewise another examination that can be utilized to clarify Abu Ghraib. Similarity recommends some level of contention between what the gathering requests of the individual and what the individual would some way or another do. On the off chance that one member that was decided to be a jail watch began acting forceful towards the members being detainees, similarity would state that the remainder of the jail watchmen would start to follow that jail monitor and become forceful towards the detainees themselves. Similarity is changing your conviction or conduct because of genuine or envisioned gathering pressure and in Abu Ghraib there was genuine gathering pressure on the grounds that the other jail monitors were being forceful so the remainder of them however that’s what the investigation needed them to do. Hofling’s 1966 trial can likewise be an examination to help what occurred at Abu Ghraib. Hofling’s explore was when Hofling picked 22 medical caretakers from various wards and clinics including both private and open emergency clinics. The point of the investigation was to check whether medical attendants would comply with a request they thought originated from a specialist, despite the fact that by complying, medical caretakers would be conflicting with their preparation. Attendants were called by a ‘Doctor Smith’ advising them to give a patient a portion of 20mg of Astroten, despite the fact that the name on the container said ‘10mg every day limit’. Since the request originated from a more significant position authority (the specialist), 21/22 medical caretakers complied with the request and went to give the patient twofold the day by day sum despite the fact that 11/22 read the mark. Power and see status may have caused high compliance, much the same as in Abu Ghraib when the US order sent the email to US troopers to be forceful towards them; the officers obeyed it since they were being requested to.

Strategic Planning How Product Differentiation Strategy Depends on Market Type

Strategic Planning How Product Differentiation Strategy Depends on Market Type What is it that makes your product unique? How to make it visible and position it well on the market? How to reach a wider spectrum of consumers as possible?These are just some of the numerous questions every serious entrepreneur should have in mind when considering any start-up.It’s all a matter of smart and well-organized strategic planning, where one should think of as many aspects as possible so to make the whole project successful.Here we shall discuss how product differentiation strategy depends on the market type.We shall try to give you a thorough insight as possible so that you could understand each of the segments well.PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATION DEFINITION AND TYPESBefore we start explaining one by one of many aspects regarding the subject, let us start with the definition.Differentiation is the marketing process of differentiating any type of offering from similar ones in the market, with the goal to make it as appealing as possible to its target audience.Offerings include both products and services.To put it simply, your target group needs to understand clearly what is it that makes your product unique and different from the competition.You need to point out all the benefits that your product or service has compared to similar ones.What comes as a logical conclusion is that all this has to do with standing out from the crowd.Things are rather simple for those who are establishing something that is new and innovative on the market as they do not have immediate competition from the very beginning.Still, that doesn’t mean that they have no worries at all.They have to think about several steps in advance.This means they need to know how to protect their offering from the impact and maintain the freshness that made the successful and visible in the first place.When differentiating a product or service, you can use a plethora of factors, which we shall introduce a bit later.However, there are three main categories regardless of the type of product or off ering and those are:1. HorizontalThis one is not associated with the quality or the price of the product itself. Here, for the same amount of money you get the same offering.When making a decision based on this type, it’s usually a matter of personal preference which one to select.A good example of this type could be making a choice between Coca Cola and Pepsi.Both of them belong to the same category of drinks, the bottle is more or less similar, as well as price and taste.2. VerticalUnlike the previous type, here price and quality both play very important roles. If you have two offerings that have similar costs, you would opt for the one that will bring you like more quality as you can get for the money you pay.Here’s a simple comparison, there are two basic shorts, one generic and one from a top designer.If they cost the same, which one would you buy? The answer explains the best how this type works.3. MixedThis one is also known as simple, as it is based on a combination of s everal factors. People often mix this one with horizontal, but it’s not.An example of this would be an offering of the same class, similar price but from different manufacturers.But besides these factors, a consumer usually takes many more to make a decision. That’s what makes it different from the first type.ADDITIONAL FACTORS FOR PRODUCT DIFFERENTIATIONThis list is significantly longer than the previous one as it helps a consumer make a precise decision.From a buyer’s point of view, each one of us wants to get as much as possible for the money spent.Some people care about the quality more some less. Some will buy branded items only, while the others won’t care about it at all.All in all, the main point is that each one of us will take different parameters when deciding what is suitable, be it a service or product.That’s why all the project-makers need to be aware of all the factors that the target group will take as parameters when choosing between two products or servic es.Have you heard of USP?That’s a unique selling proposition, and that includes absolutely all the segments of your product which result in something that makes it different from the rest.Here’s the list:1. PriceThis is more or less a universal factor, regardless of the culture of a country where one lives. People like to get as much as they can for the money they invested.This factor divides the consumers into two categories- those that opt for premium offerings and the others that pick economical ones.For example, clothes you can buy in a renowned boutique belongs to the first group, compared to some non-branded which you buy in some ordinary shops.2. FeaturesOrigin, material, shape, color, size, ingredients are just some of the sub factors from this group.Those are the ones that differentiate offerings within the same price range.Looking from the other side, those help the manufacturers justify the price of their product, particularly if it’s higher.3. Quality and Performan ceStill, those who like to think wider than the average will put this factor in the first place, as it’s indeed significant. No matter what, it’s the quality after all that people remember a certain product for.Good quality is the main reason some products manage to stand the test of time and remain well-positioned on the market.Take, for example, some well-known batteries such as Duracell. Compared to some ordinary ones, they normally last ten times longer.4. ReliabilityThis usually has to do with the previously listed factor, but not necessarily. We all want to get a product with as lower chances of malfunctioning as possible within the given time frame.5. Looks This one is mostly related to clothes or shoes, as well as accessories. Branded products usually look good because one or more designers were brainstorming about the ideal looks.But that certainly isn’t a rule of thumb. You may encounter quite a satisfactory non-branded product, which has a design so good that it can stand right next to those big names.6. Channels of DistributionThis is a unique path you create how to deliver your product to the ones you previously targeted. Some companies use selective strategy as their own way to position themselves as a reputable brand.7. ComplexityThis one is mainly important for the technology industry. If you want to target a wider audience, you will make a simple user-friendly product which the majority of people will be able to use intuitively.On the other hand, if you want to blow tech geeks’ minds out, you will make something trickier.Thats because the targeted group will not be so wide.8. Functionality and BenefitsTry to think of a way to make your product do something that competitors’ offerings cannot, and people will notice you.People like that all-in-one concept, and as long as that added function won’t ruin your initial idea and concept, go for it.If you can “solve” several problems with one product, people will find your product to be multi-beneficial and they will opt for it rather than something that gives them less.9. CustomizationAre you, as a manufacturer able to customize the product in a way your competitors cannot? Each and every market has multiple types of consumers, and some are more some less demanding.The later ones will take thousands of aspects into consideration, and customization is certainly one of them.10. LocationYou know all those prejudices that people have when they hear that some person is from a certain country? The same goes for products.But, like with people, there are plenty of exceptions, particularly those that surprise us in a positive way.Do know that this is not so related to a location where one can buy those products.Internet shopping puts things in a completely different perspective by making it possible for people to buy whatever they want from all over the globe via the internet.11. Marketing EffortsWe could freely say that this one could be a complete story for itself, as i t is similar to the philosophy.But, in simplest words possible, you can use multiple tools to advertise your product and help people focus on its good sides and benefits.There are many different ways to promote your product, using the oldest “word of mouth” technique, up to some contemporary ones, such as the Internet and social networks.12. After Sale Services and Interaction This certainly adds value to the products and help consumers make the difference between those who mean business from those who are not so professional.A brand that sticks to itself should have a dedicated team behind, a group of people who will be available as customer support.Via mail is the easiest and let’s say basic level.But, if you really want to show consumers that you are there to answer all their problems, phone service at customers’ disposal 24/7 will make you recognizable.These factors we listed here are mainly related to products. Services can include several more sub factors, which play a n important role when opting for it. Those are:13. Ease of OrderingImagine that you are in a restaurant or you are trying to schedule a message for example. How simple is getting what you want? How many steps does it require?People prefer when they don’t have to trouble a lot in order to get the desired service. Those are the questions you need to have in mind when offering a service.14.  Delivery TimeAgain, if you are in a restaurant, you don’t want to spend an hour waiting for your lunch. Again, be careful with this one.If a certain service requires more time to be delivered, better inform the customers so that they don’t expect impossible.If you rush things, you could spoil the quality, and that’s definitely not what you would like, right?15. Personalization Here we could take giving a private lesson as a good example. Not all the people have the ability to acquire and understand knowledge the same way.Some need more, some less time. That’s why it’s very important to have a different approach for every student.It can be a bit challenging if you are working in a group, but it’s possible to find a balance. Like we said many times, it’s all about good strategy.16. Experience People usually have more confidence in those with rich experience, and this totally makes sense.On the other hand, consumers should still be ready to give a chance to the fresh ones in the industry, as they also need to gain that valuable experience.17.  Company-Customer Relationship The line between being pleasant and friendly in a professional way and between turning that relationship into quite a casual one is quite thin.It’s desirable to create a small distance but still make people feel relaxed.This can simultaneously be an advantage but a disadvantage as well, depending on how one uses it. DIFFERENTIATION AND ITS GOOD SIDESPutting efforts to be visible in the competitive market, particularly if you offer something that is rather common, can be very challenging.You n eed to think more than someone who is trying to position a product or service that is rare.This is precisely where smart differentiation strategies can help you reach the target audience.As with any project, there are numerous pros and cons that go along with the implementation.Let us start with those positive side effects:1. Digital Means Help You Focus More PreciselyThis gives you plenty of space to explore and breathe more life to your project. By making it sound and look more emotional, you add value to it, and that’s what consumers indeed appreciate.For example, imagine that you are advertising a dog training program that promotes off-leash training and you want to target people with kids.Naming your program something along the lines “A unique off-leash dog training program that teaches children to become the best dog owners” will definitely be a smart choice and will help you stand from the crowd.Moreover, your idea will sound more appealing as it targets dog owners with kids, but it actually refers to anyone trying to find good ways to walk with a dog without a leash.2.  Turn Clients Into FansHaving that special power to hear what people have to say and fulfill those desires and demands they have, certainly makes you more appealing to consumers.People are thrilled when someone solves any problem instead of them.If they are satisfied, they will spread the good word at the speed of light.You have to think of a smart and effective name to attract an audience, but you also need to offer precisely what you are advertising.Only when this balance is present you stand quite good chances of success.3. Gives a Variety of ChoiceIf people have a wide array of offerings to choose between, it’s much better than one unified service or product.You have the freedom to tailor whatever happens to be the subject of your project to the specific needs of a certain group of people.Variety of choice consequently gives project-makers plenty of space to position themselv es as the market is segmented into tinnier groups.4. Creative Freedom for SuppliersBeing closely correlated to the previous section, here’s where you can be as creative as possible in finding the way to get to your audience.There are no specific rules regarding differentiation which dictate if things should look at this or that way, everything is allowed.Of course, as long as you are using fair means and advertise honestly without representing your offering in the wrong way.It’s not only about being inventive, but re-inventive as well, as market constantly changes.DIFFERENTIATION AND ITS BAD SIDESAlmost all the good sides have their “bad” counterpart as they all come with certain limitations.Well, it mostly depends on the way you see things as none of these is a rule of a thumb.Here are some of the less positive side effect of differentiation strategy.1. Too different is not the greatest choice.Sometimes it happens quite unexpectedly or unintentionally, to be more precise, a nd sometimes it’s something that supplier was striving to.Whichever the case is, it’s not good, as it has a certain dose of aggression in it.You need to make it understandable to the audience, as people often get scared away by too complicated things.In addition to this, they don’t like offerings that sound too good to be the truth, as there are no adequate proofs to support that.2. It excludes a certain group of consumers.Like the previous one, it sometimes comes without the intention, and that’s why suppliers need to be very careful how will they advertise their product. Knowing the niche you are trying to target is very important.However, if your offering can bring you a wider range of consumers, make it sound that way. The best way to check this out is to test the market and explore the smartest way to advertise.Of course, it’s not something that a single person can do, sometimes a team of experts is needed to do the research and find the formula for success. THE IMPOR TANCE OF DIFFERENTIATION AND HOW TO GET THE BEST OF ITThere are certainly many positive and negative aspects of this process, but the key is in knowing the smartest way to use it.It’s one of those things that can become a powerful weapon only if in the right hands.This era of contemporary digital technologies certainly gives more space than before.But, this also bears an equal number of advantages and disadvantages.All in all, there are still predominantly many reasons which favor this strategy.The more the competitive the market or industry is, the more it motivates the suppliers to do their best to position well.It’s understanding what people want and giving them that.Here’s why differentiation plays an important role:Make product’s attributes become benefits, if well introduced.Help consumers decide what’s precisely for them.Gives a consumer valid reason to trust to a certain brand, and repeat the consumption if satisfied.Gives pricier brands justification for higher pr ices.As we said, it’s definitely something that requires a dedicated team of people, because it can be complicated and simply too much demanding for a single person to deal with it alone.There are numerous experts in the fields.Their advice is priceless because they are the ones that have the proper knowledge to make your offering visible on the market and desirable among consumers.Those experts usually include product and marketing manager, sales expert as well as reliable customer support.Of course, it doesn’t mean that you need to have a whole team in the fullest from the very first day, but at least one expert would be enough.As time goes by, you can join more people to the team.Why are these experts so important?Because every product and service have multiple layers and each of them can become a valuable differentiation factor.Many people usually have marketing expert as the first association as he/she definitely plays the most important role, but it’s only one piece of a puzzle.The more questions you can think of your very own offering, the more experts you need.But as we said, you don’t need to have all of them at once.One of the reasons for that is the financier.Hiring too many people, in the beginning, can be challenging for your budget.You certainly don’t want to deal with the losses before you even started making some profit.If you are new to the whole differentiation thing, you may think that it sounds too complicated to deal with it, but don’t let the initial impression fool you.You can start from the simplest steps and those are:1. Knowing Your MarketDo research prior to just releasing your offering on the market. You cannot just enthusiastically let the product or service without knowing if people are interested in it or not.You certainly don’t want it to be the “wrong time, wrong place” situation. This also includes the possible competition.2. Ask for Expert’s AdviceOnce again, it’s almost impossible that an individual is capable of dealing with all the challenges him/herself.That’s why a professional can help you have a good start by creating a unique strategy and step by step plan for the as optimal possible approach.These two simple steps are only surface scratchers, but it’s important to make the first step.That one is usually the hardest, but let’s face it: how would one know if he/she can succeed without even giving it a chance.Each project bears both positive and negative aspects, and it’s definitely a road full of obstacles. To make it more difficult, there are no rules to follow, not a universal strategy or approach.But once you find yourself in the “machine” be sure that you will end up with plenty of new and useful experience, no matter what.FINAL THOUGHTSAs you could see, it all boils down to a smart strategy. In this case, the whole process looks very complex, and it is.But that surely doesn’t mean it’s overly complicated, it’s just something that requires plenty of pla nning. But you know what- it pays off!Once you succeed in positioning your service and products and reach the target group, what you do is maintain that and think of good ways to get more new consumers.But, that’s a subject of some other article.Early days for any startup are very important.As soon as you apply all of the advice we listed here and have a full understanding of how product differentiation strategy depends on the market type you are already on a halfway to success.

Stem Cell Research The Way Medical Professionals Treat...

Stem research is making giant leaps that could revolutionise the way medical professionals treat diseases and test drugs. Medical applications of stem cells are already evident in our present society but due to some ethical, legal and social issues surrounding the use of stem cells, specifically embryonic stem cell research, it has been brought into a political crossfire. Stem cells were discovered in human cord blood in1978.( )Stem cells are cells that are undifferentiated and have the remarkable potential to differentiate into specialized cell types through cell division.(1) Throughout our body stem cells can be found either perpetuating the stem cell pool by self-renewal or replacing dead or damaged cells through†¦show more content†¦Stem cells are found in early embryo (blastocyst), the foetus, umbilical fluid, the placenta and umbilical cord blood.(9) During the stages of life after birth and the rest of life stem cells continue to reside in many parts of the body incl uding skin, hair follicles, bone marrow and blood, brain and spinal cord, gut, lung, joint fluid, muscle and fat just to name a few.(9) Researchers are trying to harness the regenerative potential of stem cells to be able to grow new cells for medical treatments that require the replacement of damaged cells in the body. There are three types of stem cells that have been found. The first of which are embryonic stem cells, first discovered in 1988. (10) Human embryonic stems cells or ES cells are the most primitive type of stem cells and has the ability to generate into every type of cell in the body. (10) These stem cells are derived from early stage embryos called blastocysts that are around five to seven days old. (10) Embryos for stem cell research are donated with consent from patients who have completed IVF treatments and have surplus embryos. (10) These excess embryos would otherwise be discarded. Embryonic stem cells are pluripotent, meaning they can divide into more stem cells or can give rise to all of the cell types that make up the body. (11) Due to this versatility, embryonic stem cells can be used to regenerate or repair diseased tissue and organs.

Say and Write Take Care (Ki o Tsukete) in Japanese

The Japanese phrase  Ki o tsukete  means take care. It is the phrase you would use when saying goodbye to a friend (whom you expect to see again within a few days) or a boss or coworker (whom you expect to see the next day or after a weekend). But the phrase deserves some explanation. Many in Western cultures believe that the Japanese use sayounara when saying goodbye. Nothing could be further from the truth, notes FluentU, adding that not only is this stereotyping, but the term sayonara also  implies a finality, as if you are saying goodbye for good. Saying sayounara to a boss or loved one may leave them feeling confused or  upset, says the language website. If you plan to study Japanese or visit Japan, its important that you know how to say goodbye in a socially appropriate way. Read on to learn how to use the phrase Ki o tsukete, including how to pronounce it and in what social context to use it. Pronouncing Ki o Ttsukete​ Click the link to bring up an audio file that will let you listen to the correct way to pronounce the Japanese phrase for take care. As you listen to the pronunciation for Ki o tsukete, pause after you listen once or twice and practice saying the phrase. Japanese Characters: Writing Ki o Tsukete​ It can also help to know how to write the phrase for saying goodbye. Before studying how the phrase is written, its important to understand the three Japanese writing systems: kanji, hiragana, and katakana. Kanji is symbolic (or logographic). It is the most common means of written communication in the Japanese language. Hiragana is a phonetic syllabary made up of simplified kanji letters, notes study guide  Japanese Grammar. Hiragana  is used primarily to spell words that have  Japanese roots or grammatical elements. Katakana is used to spell foreign and technical words (computer is one example) or for emphasis. The phrase Ki o tsukete​ is a combination of kanji and katakana, and is spelled as follows: æ °â€"を㠁 ¤Ã£ â€˜Ã£  ¦Ã£â‚¬â€š The phrase can also be translated as be careful. The saying implies a concern you want to express for the health and welfare of your listener, in that you are wishing her well until you are able to see her again. Using Ki o Tsukete​ Correctly The  Iidabashi Japanese Language School points out yet another issue to be careful of when using the phrase Ki o tsukete. You are, indeed, telling your listener to take care or be careful when using this phrase. However, the school notes on the website, Gaijin Pot: It is a phrase which signifies that one is praying for the safe trip of another.  As such, it is a phrase that only the person watching someone else go is able to use.  The person leaving cannot say it to the person staying behind. In other words, only the person staying behind can use the phrase to, essentially, wish a safe journey to the person who is leaving. So, if you are the one leaving work or home, FluentU suggests the following alternative phrases for saying goodbye in Japanese: è ¡Å'㠁 £Ã£  ¦Ã¦  ¥Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢ (㠁„㠁 £Ã£  ¦Ã£  Ã£  ¾Ã£ â„¢,  itte kimasu) I’m leaving home㠁Šå…ˆã  «Ã¥ ¤ ±Ã§ ¤ ¼Ã£ â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢ (㠁Šã â€¢Ã£  Ã£  «Ã£ â€"㠁 ¤Ã£â€šÅ'㠁„㠁â€"㠁 ¾Ã£ â„¢,  osaki ni shitsurei shimasu) Excuse me for leaving first㠁Šçâ€" ²Ã£â€šÅ'æ §ËœÃ£  §Ã£ â€"㠁ŸÂ  (㠁Šã  ¤Ã£ â€¹Ã£â€šÅ'㠁•ã  ¾Ã£  §Ã£ â€"㠁Ÿ,  otsukaresama deshita) Thank you for your hard work There are also a number of other ways to say goodbye in Japanese, which you will learn as you continue to study the language. So ki o tsukete (be careful or take care) to use the correct phrase when you plan to leave. Source Inc. BarCharts. Japanese Grammar. Quick Study Academic, Bilingual edition, QuickStudy, January 1, 2005.

Moore Medical Corporation Free Essays

Q1.   Today people start new business ventures with different expectations than it was to be in the past.   As many techniques, ways and means of dealing with customers have also changed. We will write a custom essay sample on Moore Medical Corporation or any similar topic only for you Order Now    The new technology to many people has brought a lot of significant changes in the global business environment.   All the business sectors including private and government sectors are currently doing reengineering on how businesses are operated.   This is happening because of the new information and communication technologies.   Different companies are coming up with various types of new information system.   . For the case of Moore Medical co-operation the customer relationship management software may be purchased to meet its objectives.   What is important for the success of any organization is whether its objectives are met in the long run.   The problem Moore is facing is to find a new technology to service its customers better, to generate new business and to give employees the tools to handle a growing number of customer communications, more efficiently and effectively. I therefore suggest that the customer relations management software (CRM) or technology will ensure that customers are served well.   Production will never be high if customers are not served well or attracted.   The way customers are handled will determine the success of the business. The CRM technology will therefore improve customer interaction consistence between the economy and its customers. Q2.   Most companies have failed to realize the finical benefits because of poor financial evaluation of what is being purchased.   Financial evaluation comprise of knowing the value of what is being purchased.   Disappointing results have been gotten because the cost of installing most of the new technologies are highly than the benefits that it will create at the end of the financial year. Financial benefits of any item can be evaluated. For example Moore medical cooperation can assess its financial benefits of the proposed technology.   One way is by analyzing the number of customers that are making orders using the new technology.   If the number of customers using the new technology is high then the new technology introduced is favorable to the company.   Another way through which the financial benefits can be assed is by comparing the installation cost, training cost, implementation cost with the sales that is obtained from the use of the new technology. It is obvious that implementation of the software’s will need some money.   Those who will be at the customer service department will also be trained.   So any cost associated with the introduction of the new system should be recorded down then compared with the sales obtained after the new system has been put into place.   This will determine if the company will be making profits or losses as a result of introducing the new technology. Q3.The success of any business or organization will depend on it quality of customer service skills employees working in customer service department possess.   Moore Medical Corporation has not been left behind.   The company is considering purchasing customer relationship management software with an objective of improving the ways of responding to customer desires. The CRM software will ensue that customer orders are not delayed.   The new technology (CRM) to Moore would increase or attract more customers and even maintain and keep the already existing ones. The number of customers a company serves normally determines the sales that the company will get.   Production rate would also increase by fixing the new technology in the system The new information and communication technology has changed the way businesses are done in the business environment.   Customers nowadays want maximum satisfaction from the company managers and front-line employees serving them.   Without new IT there is nothing that can be improved in any organization.   Performance and quality of products in any organization will only increase if the use of new information technology is implemented.   Goods will be delivered in time, customers will be served effectively and efficiently ensuring that they are fully satisfied.   New business and products have also been created in the environment as a result of the introduction of the new technology. Among the business needs Moore is hoping to address with this new information technology include the following.   They want to improve sales forecasting.   They also want to reduce the number of sales representatives and reduce time to attend to customers.   The new information will also increase the accuracy and accessibility of the information obtained from customers.   The other business needs that will be addressed by the new technology are to increase rep effectiveness and efficiency and finally to increase the customer interaction consistency among all representatives by increasing company control and manner of customer interaction. Q4.Training is one of the most business practices that any company should do whenever any new technology is introduced in a company.   All organization members need training to acquire new skills and knowledge for the production to be increased and effective. Training should provide essential information on the department / program. If the company uses new technology, the supervisor of that particular company needs to train the employees on how to use the software introduced. For the case of Moore medical cooperation, training its customer’s service representation on how to use the information technology that is the customer relations management software was ignored.   For example it was realized that the customers service representative found the order entry system in J.D. Edwards difficult to use in comparison to their old system.   The new account set up process within J.D Edwards also added time to customer calls.   It therefore means that customer needs and interest would be lowered.   When the way they are served is sluggish then there is a possibility that the company may lose them. Effective communication is another area where the Moore Company has failed to adopt.   Actually when changes are created in an organization, the management or human resource manager should ensure that the change is communicated to all the groups served by the organization (Satzinger, 2004). Effective communication is one of the key issues that the organization should know about its customers.   All members in any organization including employees, customers and suppliers have different cultural background.   The Moore should therefore consider the customers’ practices, likes, interest, belief and values.   After considering all these elements of culture the organization will then be in a position of making a good decision whether the new technology will work or fail.   In short the Moore manager should know about the cultural background of its customers to identify whether they will like the new technology created (Satzinger, 2004). Q5.The use of the new information and communication technology has created numerous changes in the global market and in companies dealing in electronic commerce.   New businesses have been created in the environment while old ones have been transformed. New business models have been formed that would that would have been unthinkable for years back.   However there are advantages and disadvantages that have resulted from the introduction of computer software. Moore move into E-commerce with an intention of improving customer service might result into same advantages and disadvantages.   For first the advantages are numerous.   If properly implemented the new system will automatically serve its customers better.   By improving customer Service, it means that the sales and production will also increase. Production in any organization will be determined by the number of customers it serves.   If more customers are attracted then it means that the profit or the financial benefits that the company wants to achieve will also be high.   The CRM software will therefore help Moore cooperation to realize high financial benefits. Service delivery by increasing the number of orders taken from customers will also increase While the advantages are visible, there are some negative outcomes that Moore might get by moving into E-commerce.   Culture of the customers might actually influence and determine whether the new system will be successful or not.   Some customer may refuse to make orders using the new system introduced in the organization.   This may lead to the failure of the system leading to a big loss to the company.   When customers refuse to use the new system then they will be lost leading to decreased sales. Customers might refuse to use the new system just may be because they are no informed in time or poor communication.   They may also just refuse due to differences in cultural background.   Therefore this is an important factor that might lead to the failure of the new system. The cost of implementation may also be too high for the company to realize the financial benefits it wants to meet.   It might decide to use the new system without financial evaluation, which is very important.   This may also lead to the failure of the company. Reference Sat Zinger, J. (2004). Systems analysis and Design in a changing world.   London: Thompson publishers. How to cite Moore Medical Corporation, Essay examples

Fuguland free essay sample

The people of fugawiland are composed of at least two different cultures. They are characterized by the type of pottery that they used and the shape of their houses. The eastern culture used the banded pottery and constructed the square huts. They also utilized the resources of chert. The reason is the location of the chert. The western culture used the zig zag pottery and constructed round huts. They were all hunters and gatherers utilizing the time seasons and game for that time. White tail deer was hunted in the fall season. The rabbit had the largest season which started in the summer and extended to the early winter. The lake trout was plentiful during the spring and fall season, while fresh water mussles were only available in the spring. Acorns, were available in the fall. There were four principle groups of sites used by the people. The groups were the shore sites, river sights, mountain areas, and the plains. We will write a custom essay sample on Fuguland or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page The shore groups had light huts. The river sites used heavy huts. The mountain sites were used only for a short period of time due to the weather conditions. The plains were the holy burial grounds during the warmer months the tribes would bury their dead that had collected over the freezing months. Trading existed among the tribes in a very small amount. A small amount of chert was found in the copper side burial grounds while a small amount of copper was found among the burial of the people with the chert. Chert and Copper were a means of trade and possible used for weapons. However it seems that only chert and copper was traded across the boundary of culture. The houses did not change and neither did the pottery. Fugawiland huts contained approximately five people. The artifacts highest concentration was around the hearths. These people were hunters and gathers. The women were the homemakers, the cookers and cleaners, while the men were the hunters. The community worked together as a whole and survived as a tribe. Most of the people come from the southern river valleys and migrated up to the North for the fish. These people had a very successful lifestyle for many years.

Fanfare for the common man free essay sample

The piece was written in 1942 for the Cincinnati Symphony Orchestra under conductor Eugene Sessions. It was inspired in part by a famous speech made earlier in the same ear where vice president Henry A. I couldnt relate to this piece, it didnt resonate with me. Burlier Symphonies fantastical IV ( March to the scaffold) This piece reminds me of marching band at high school pep rally. The sound of the timpani also reminders heavy footsteps of an army. The song starts quietly, with the illume getting louder progressively as the solos start and the tempo is kept the same for the majority of the song. The song gets extremely warm and loud towards the end. The cymbals would sure wake you up! Great piece. The sunken Cathedral Debussy places the title of the piece at the end of the piece, to allow the pianist to respond individually to the music. We will write a custom essay sample on Fanfare for the common man or any similar topic specifically for you Do Not WasteYour Time HIRE WRITER Only 13.90 / page This piece is based on a legend. The first chord of the piece is made up of sonorous as and Ads. It was published in 1910 as the tenth prelude in Debussy first of two volumes of twelve piano preludes each. I loved this piece only because its a piano, soft melody that I felt I could Just fall asleep to. Afro American Symphony The first symphony, written by an African American man, and performed for an American audience by a leading orchestra. It was premiered in 1931 by the Rochester Philharmonic Orchestra. It Is a full orchestra, Including Celeste, harp, and tenor banjo. This piece reminds me of old western movies, Its upbeat and fun I loved listening to it, although it wasnt required I listened to the entire symphony.I also can appreciate it because as an African American, this piece was written during the Harlem renaissance at the heart of an awakening In our society. Rhapsody In blue This was written by George Gershwin, this piece Is for solo Plano and Jazz band, which combines elements of classical music with Jazz-Influenced effects. Rhapsody In Blue displays both rhythmic Invention and melodic Inspiration. The piece begins and ends In B flat. Serge profile symphony no. 1 This piece Is a neoclassical composition.This kind of music and sound are new to me. Im glad I was exposed to It, this was a new learning experience. Although, Im still not sure If I enjoyed the piece, I will Like to hear more from this genre to familiarize myself to It. Fanfare for the common man By loveliness Philharmonic Orchestra. It is a full orchestra, including Celeste, harp, and tenor banjo. This piece reminds me of old western movies, its upbeat and fun I loved Harlem renaissance at the heart of an awakening in our society. Rhapsody in blueThis was written by George Gershwin, this piece is for solo piano and Jazz band, which combines elements of classical music with Jazz-influenced effects. Rhapsody in Blue displays both rhythmic invention and melodic inspiration. The piece begins and ends in B flat. Sergei profile symphony no. 1 This piece is a neoclassical composition. This kind of music and sound are new to me. Im glad I was exposed to it, this was a new learning experience. Although, Im still not sure if I enjoyed the piece, I will like to hear more from this genre to familiarize myself to it.

Exploring The New Testament Volume 1 Analysis Religion Essay Example

Exploring The New Testament Volume 1 Analysis Religion Essay Example Exploring The New Testament Volume 1 Analysis Religion Essay Exploring The New Testament Volume 1 Analysis Religion Essay The book, Researching the New Testament by Wenham, David A ; Walton is the first book in a series of six text editions which covers the Old and New Testament, the Gospels and Acts. Teachers with extended experience who instructed pupils in their first two old ages of university degree survey wrote the book. The intent of the writer s was, for the most portion, to compose a book in a concise and apprehensible mode to acquire pupils and every twenty-four hours reader s to be, and acquire connected with the Gospels and Acts for themselves, more than merely larning, from what these books affirmed or simply soaking-up a batch of appealing theories about them. Therefore, in some chapters of the book the author have made an attempt to provide equal mentions to the Gospels and Acts, and other important antique text, so that the reader s can read the texts together with the treatment. Besides, with three more types of extra survey where pupils can follow many of which are written in the book. Diging Deeper The book offers a subdivision called Digging Deeper, these boxes offer a spots of research of between 2-3 hours of personal survey, or it can besides be used as a one-hour category room group treatment led by the teacher or by pupil. By including two or three pupils to take such a treatment, the author says, in our experience, enables pupil leaders to prosecute with the subject at greater deepness, given that, the pupils have to put the agenda for the group treatment, every bit good, let the pupils to discourse positions with each other in a manner that aid acquisition. And offer suggestion how a group treatment clip might be prearranged to manage the subject. Essay Subjects In the book, at the terminal of each chapter offer thoughts on essay subjects, which are required to be hand-in, in composing. They were aimed to be around 2,500 3,000 words in length, some of the subjects are classified as preliminary and are proposed for first twelvemonth scholars, while, others as intermediary for 2nd old ages scholars. The authors of the book suggested, since there are legion subjects to be done the teacher should choose those subjects which best fits the exact agencies and intents of the class being taught, and to direct pupils to do the best choice of which to follow. The book encourages farther reading recorded at the terminal of each chapter, books selected within European and North American college and university libraries which in general, accessible. Inside every chapter the writer referred to drop the ball by and day of the month system e.g. Wright 1996, and full publication inside informations can be found in the farther reading subdivisions. Where a book has a British and an American edition, we have endeavored to supply topographic point of publication and publishing house for both editions. Sporadic Section I was struck by the penetration into mundane Christians populating that these writers had expressed, and the mentions they made to their ain belief in Christ. For that ground, they have made available sporadic section depicting a figure of issues for today life, which outline several of the Christian belief in the surveies. These section are intended to be leaping off tips and illustration to back up pupils and teachers to do their ain confederation and associating at that juncture, and at the minute. The writer s assumed that a batch of pupils which are analyzing the Gospels and Acts are Christians, hence, would wish to inquire inquiries about the significance of the surveies to populating as a Christian today. The Structure of the book separated into five parts, foremost, the tabular array of contents, which is nicely elaborate, dwelling of chronological and context of Jesus and the New Testament, faith, the life of Jesus in the visible radiation of history, the instruction and purposes of Jesus, the life Jesus live which the early churches should pattern. The book focal point on the Judaic contents ; Judaism in first-century Palestine ; parties and group within first-century Judaism, Pharisees, Sadducees, Essens, the 4th doctrine, and the revolutionists. The comrade volume on the NT letters and Revelation will put the Graeco-Roman content, which is more relevant to those NT books. The 2nd portion lineation techniques of survey on the Gospels, such as, what are the Gospels ; where did the Gospels come from ; understanding the Gospels today ; the Gospels as unlike other ancient literature, and why were the Gospels written. The Gospels focuses on the most of import individual, Jesus the Messiah. His birth and beginnings ; his miracles, why did he died ; Jesus reaching in Jerusalem ; Jesus moralss and his position of the Torah ; who did Jesus believe he was ; and Jesus and the land of God. The book spotlights each of the Gospels get downing first with Mark. Harmonizing to the writer s since Mark has fewer chapters than the other three, and seems to be the first was written. The author s say, This allows Matthew and Luke to concentrate on the typical parts of these Gospels. Whereas, the book of John is comparatively drawn-out, for the ground, that John theatrical production of Jesus is unusual from the others in his authorship manner. Each one of the chapter looks at the major building, topics, and accent, of the Gospels, with a concise contemplation of who wrote each book when, and why. Decision The concluding portion is the learning on Acts, with the transfer of the narrative of early Christianity. It looks on Acts as Luke s volume two ; what sort of book it is, and its manner and presentation ; Acts and history, and divinity, some major subjects on God, Jesus, the Holy Spirit mission and the church ; writing and day of the month. A glossary at the terminal provides mention to the chief topographic points in our book where cardinal proficient footings and words are introduced and explained, peculiarly in boxes within the chapters. I like the book, it is really utile I am trusting to buy a transcript, it is to the point, deserving reading, and even deserving analyzing ; it has an abundant of information on assorted topics that are first-class, non merely in remarks, but provide a host of good thought out and good presented thoughts, and it is low-cost.

Business research literary review on action research Essay

Business research literary review on action research - Essay Example The sequence of steps includes â€Å"once scenario is studied: a corrective plan is determined, planned and implemented; results of the action are observed and recorded; and the action is assess as effective or not† (Cooper & Schlinder, 2011). This literature review will take a journey through the foundations of action research, cases using action research and opportunities opened because of action research. Foundations of Action Research: Stephens, J., Barton, J., & Haslett, T. (2009). Action Research: Its History and Relationship to Scientific Methodology. Systemic Practice & Action Research, 22(6), 463-474. doi:10.1007/s11213-009-9147-7 As it has been discussed briefly in the introduction, action research is a method of research that seeks to address practical problems. In such a way, it oftentimes deviates from the standard approach in which the scientific method seeks to identify an issue, theorize with regards to a solution, and/or measure whether or not such a theory is relevant and pertinent. Ultimately, this key level of deviation is one of the core compliments of why action research came to be born out of the already working processes of the scientific method. Stevens et al. ... The authors indicate that these drawbacks are concentric around whether or not the idea is more driven from the researcher’s agenda or more driven from the participants; whether or not individuals are motivated by an instrumental goal of whether or not a narrow level of focus skews the research results with regards to applying it to a larger test group or situation. Naturally, this is not to say that action research is inherently flawed; rather, it merely denotes the fact that it holds a level of benefit as well as a level of difficulties as compared to traditional scientific methodological research. Boog, B. M. (2003). The emancipatory character of action research, its history and the present state of the art. Journal Of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 13(6), 426-438. Many researchers have underscored the fact that from the very beginning action research has been intended to be an emancipatory style. Compared to traditional scientific methodological research, action re search is something of a free-form and evolutionary style that allows participants to engage in a double-sided process of research. Moreover, due to the fact that the relationship between the researcher and the subjects is so critical with regards to developing a key level of inference and/or determinacy, Boog (2003) notes that the evolving character of action research demands a high level of emphasis be placed upon the approach with which the researcher engages the participants. Although Boog argues that this is not a new construct of action research, he also denotes the fact that without a type of constraining influence, the evolutionary history that has thus far been exhibited with regards to action research will ultimately transform it into an unrecognizable entity. As a direct

How the marketing of services differs from the marketing of products Essay

How the marketing of services differs from the marketing of products - Essay Example How the marketing of services differs from the marketing of products? When conducting the marketing of services, it is vital to depict the processes and proof of the service so that customers can have a positive image about the reliability of the services. Positive images and expectations allow the element of perceived value to be built in the consumer’s mind. In marketing products, there is no proof required as the product is something tangible that can be analyzed before buying and has the option of being returned if customers are not satisfied with it. For products, customers may be willing to pay a price before even viewing the actual price and this is based on the value perceived by the customer for the product. In products marketing, the price and benefits of the product is stated in the advertisement. In services marketing, it should be ensured to the customer that the service would be consistent and is going to meet the needs of the customer. Then the customer develops the perceived value for the service. Product pricing includes the material cost, the cost of distribution and the cost of manufacturing. The pricing of services include cost of offsite manufacturing and the traveling cost can be included if implied. The low cost in service pricing allows the firms to invest more in the service advertisements. In marketing the products and services, the place element of the marketing mix depends upon the type of products and services being offered. The products sold in retail outlets need to be in convenient location for the customers. For services, the place may not matter to the consumers.

What Are The Uses Of Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride Biology Essay

What Are The Uses Of Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride Biology Essay Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride (RS)-benzyl(2-chloroethyl)1-methyl-2-phenoxyethylamine hydrochloride is a alpha-adrenoceptor blocker that covalently binds and irreversibly inhibits the activity of alpha-1 alpha -2 adrenoceptors.3,4 Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride is mainly used to treat episodes of high blood pressure and sweating related to phaeochromocytoma. Phaeochromocytoma is a rare catecholamine-secreting tumour of the adrenal medulla. Patients with phaeochromocytoma are usually hypertensive and suffer headache, palpitations, and excessive sweating.3 However it is rarely prescribed due to it unfavourable side effects. One of the side effects of Phenoxybenzamine is that block the ejaculation. Also some studies are under investigation to use Phenoxybenzamine as male contraceptive pills.11 , HCl Fig. 01 Molecular structure of (RS)-N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine Phenoxybenzamine hydrochloride is white, odourless, crystalline powder that is sparingly soluble in water; soluble in ethanol, chloroform, and propylene glycol; and insoluble in diethyl ether. Neutral and alkaline solutions are unstable; sensitive to oxidation and photo degradation.6,7,8 Molecular Weight9: 303.82638 [g/mol] Molecular Formula : C18H22ClNO MonoIsotopic Mass9: 303.138992 CAS-No. : 63-92-3 The stability studies for Phenoxybenzamine injection concentrate were carried out by Zeta Analytical Ltd. for their Clients. Also analytical method for related substance of Phenoxybenzamine Injection has been validated by them. During the stability studies, it has been found that some stability batches contain more than 0.1% of unknown impurities. Already there are three identified, process related impurities were reported in their clients analytical methods.10 Those three impurities A, B, and C are reported as shown below. 1. Impurity A: N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-2-phenoxypropan-1-amine Fig. 02 Molecular structure of N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-2- phenoxy-propan-1-amine 2. Impurity B: N-benzyl-N-(2, hydroxyethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine Fig. 03 Molecular structure of N-benzyl-N-(2-hydroxyethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine 3. Impurity C: N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine Fig. 04 Molecular structure a of N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine According to the International Conference on Harmonization1,2 (ICH) guidelines any component of a pharmaceutical product which is not the chemical entity of active substance or excipients, present at levels higher than 0.1% or 1 mg/day intake (whichever is lower) for a maximum daily dose of 2 g/day or less, need to be identified and qualified with appropriate toxicological studies. For a daily dose of greater than 2 g of drug substance, the identification threshold is 0.05%.1 ,2 Also British (BP), European (EP) and United states (USP) pharmacopeia texts refers the ICH criteria on impurity profiling for new drug substance and new drug products.5,6,7 Hyphenated techniques such as LC-MS and LC-NMR methods as an effective tool for characterization of impurities and degradation products in drug molecules. Therefore, Zeta Analytical proposed this project to perform LC-MS analysis on Phenoxybenzamine injection for structural elucidation of unknown impurity. This project involved method transferring (Tech transfer) from Zeta to Kingston University and developing a LC-MS compatible chromatographic method structural identifications of unknown impurity. Literature Study: There are no chromatographic methods have been reported in the literature describing the analysis of Phenoxybenzamine and its related substances using UV detection. The chromatographic Conditions mentioned in United States Pharmacopoeia (USP) monograph7 (refer Appendix) and Zetas method quiet similar apart from the detection wavelength, which is 268nm for USP and 220 nm for Zeta. Both methods are not compatible for LC/MS analysis. Because phosphate buffer is a one component that mobile phase consist in both methods. There are no reports available on the investigation using LC/MS/MS and isolation of related substances in Phenoxybenzamine active pharmaceutical ingredient (API). However, in order to analyse the sample in LC/MS and to get better chromatographic resolution the method has been modified for use in the present investigation. A synthesis route of Phenoxybenzamine has been mentioned in Vardanyan and Hruby,18 and slightly different route of synthesis for phenoxybenzaime related amines has been reported in Giardink et al.13 EXPERIMENTAL Material and Methods Chemicals used (all anal. Grade )were: Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride ( Sigma- Aldrich) , Impurity B (PBA) from med alchemy S.L Spain, HPLC grade Acetonitrile (Sigma- Aldrich), Potassium phosphate dibasic, Potassium phosphate monobasic, Ammonium formate, Ammonium Hydroxide, MilliQ grade water Samples Phenoxybenzamine injection concentrate ; Each 2 ml ampoule contains 100 mg Phenoxybenzamine Hydrochloride BP and excipients are absolute ethyl alcohol, hydrochloric acid AR and propylene glycol. Sample Preparation for HPLC and LC-MS Whole contents of ampoule was transferred to a 100mL volumetric flask and dissolved with 30 mL of acetonitrile. Then it was shacked for few minutes to mix well and added more acetonitrile to volume up the level of volumetric flask. HPLC analysis at Zeta Analytical Ltd. HPLC analysis was proceeded at these chromatographic condition : Column Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm. Mobile phase used : pH 7.5 20mM Phosphate buffer (Dissolved 2.4g of K2HPO4 in 1L of water and adjusted to pH 7.5 with KH2PO4) : Acetonitrile = 30% : 70% (Isocratic mode ) .Column temperature 25C , flow rate 0.9 cm3min-1 , detection at 220nm . HPLC system used at Zeta analytical Ltd : Pump , Auto sampler ,UV detector and thermostat are Agilent 1100 series with Agilent Chemstation for LC data system. HPLC analysis at School of chemistry and pharmacy, Kingston University: HPLC analysis was proceeded at these chromatographic condition : Column Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm. Mobile phase used : pH 7.5 20mM Phosphate buffer (Dissolved 2.4g of K2HPO4 in 1L of water and adjusted to pH 7.5 with KH2PO4) : Acetonitrile = 30% : 70% (Isocratic mode ) .Column temperature 25C , flow rate 0.9 cm3min-1 , detection at 220nm . HPLC system used at Kingston University: Pump , Auto sampler ,UV-VIS detector and thermostat are Perkin Elmer series 200 with Totalchrom v6.2 software. LC- MS analysis at School of chemistry and pharmacy, Kingston University: LC-MS analysis was proceeded at these chromatographic condition : Column Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm. Mobile phase used : pH 8.3 20mM Ammonium formate buffer (Dissolved 1.3g of NH4HCO2 in 1L of water and adjusted to pH 8.3 with NH4OH) : Aceotonitrile = 30% : 70% (Isocratic mode) .Column temperature 25C , flow rate 0.9 cm3min-1 , detection at 220nm . LC system : Pump , Auto sampler ,UV-VIS detector and thermostat are Perkin Elmer series 200 with Totalchrom v6.2 data system. Mass detetectors used : Two different mass detectors were employed : Waters Micromass LCT ESI-TOF-MS system with Mass Lynx 4.1 software Thermo TSQ Quantum Access system ( MSMS ) with Thermo Excalibur software RESULTS AND DICUSSION HPLC Analysis at Zeta Analytical Ltd. Initially the sample was analyzed in Agilent HPLC in Zeta Analytical Ltd. Based on the Zetas Analytical Method validation report for the related substance of Phenoxybenzamine HCl injection, the three identified impurities and one unidentified impurity were confirmed. Below the fig.05 (Appendix A-1) shows the peaks of Phenoxybenzamine and its impurities and the table 01 shows the retention time of those peaks. Fig. 05 HPLC chromatograms of Phenoxybenzamine HCl injections Table 01: Peaks and its retention time of Phenoxybenzamine (zeta) Peaks Retention Time / min Impurity C 5.2 Impurity B 7.3 Unidentified Impurity 8.6 Impurity A 18.2 Phenoxybenzamine 19.6 HPLC Analysis at Kingston University: (Method Transfer) The above results obtained at zeta were replicated again with Perkin-Elmer HPLC system in Kingston University. Same chromatographic condition was employed with same Phenomenex Gemeni-NX 5Â µm C18 110A 250-4.6 mm column . The fig.06 below show chromatogram of Phenoxybenzamine HCl injection analysis repeated at Kingston University(Appendix A-2). The peaks were interested and its retention times are shown in the table 02 below. Fig.06 HPLC chromatogram of Phenoxybenzamine HCl Injection (Kingston) Table 02. Peaks and its retention time of Phenoxybenzamine (Kingston) Peaks Retention Time / min Impurity C 5.0 Impurity B 7.0 Unidentified Impurity 8.4 Impurity A 17.9 Phenoxybenzamine 19.5 LC-MS Analysis of Phenoxybenzamine Injection Concentrate: Phosphate buffers are not compatible for LC-MS due to their non volatile nature. Since it was necessary to replace the phosphate buffer to a volatile buffer. Mean while the chromatographic development should not be changed. The ammonium formate buffers are widely used in LC-MS analytical methods and has buffering pH range (8.2-10.2) close to the previous phosphate buffers used which is pH 7.5 . 20mM ammonium phosphate buffer was prepared adjusted the pH to 8.3. The HPLC analysis previously performed was repeated with mobile phase of Ammonium formate buffer : Acetonitrile =30: 70 instead of mobile phase of phosphate buffer : Acetonitrile = 30:70 . The isolation of peaks and the resolution obtained in previous analysis was replicated. Fig. 07 Show the HPLC chromatogram of replicated results with Ammonium formate buffer and the table 03 show retention time and its corresponding peaks. Fig.07 HPLC chromatogram of PBA Injection Sample ( Modified Mobile phase for LC-MS analysis) Table 03: Peaks and its retention time of Phenoxybenzamine (Ammonium formate as buffer)The samples were run on HPLC several times and constant chromatographic development was observed. Hence the sample fractions of unknown impurity was collected several time during HPLC run for LC-MS (accurate mass measurement) and LC-MS/MS (selective ion monitoring) analysis. Peaks Retention Time / min Impurity C 5.3 Impurity B 7.3 Unidentified Impurity 8.7 Impurity A 18.5 Phenoxybenzamine 19.8 Accurate mass measurement with Time of Flight (ToF) mass detector Feasibility of TOF mass detectors has made it to be used widely for measurement of accurate mass. Several unknown impurity sample fractions were analyzed for the accurate mass measurement on Waters micromass LCT ESI TOF-MS and obtained the average of the accurate mass value of unknown impurity. Ionization technique is Electron spray Ionization and mass analyzer is Time of Flight analyzer in this instrument. Results were taken on positive mode ( M + H + ). Hence mass of one proton must be deducted from the spectral mass value to obtain the exact mass value of unknown compound. H1 mass is considered to be 1.007 Da in the calculation below. Table 03: m/z value of Peaks observed its corresponding calculated monoisotopic mass M + H + / Da Mass of Unknown Compound / Da 344.215 343.208 344.216 343.209 344.216 343.209 344.219 343.212 344.211 343.204 344.209 343.202 344.215 343.208 344.214 343.207 344.215 343.208 344.213 343.206 344.215 343.208 344.22 343.213 344.213 343.206 344.221 343.214 344.223 343.216 The average molecular weight and standard deviation of results are found to be 343.2086667 and 0.003754363 respectively. Above results were subjected to statistical evaluation using Microsoft excel spread sheet. At 99% confidence level the molecular weight of the unknown impurity is found to be 343.2086667 0.002497. Determination of Elemental Composition of unknown impurity. Using Mass Lynx 4.1 MS data management software possible elemental composition was obtained for the molecular weight of 343.209 with 200.0 mDa tolerance . It was able to exclude a large amount elemental composition to narrow findings. That is elimination of Chlorine in the composition . Because the mass spectrum of unknown impurity does not show the isotopic pattern for chlorine. i.e. When one Chlorine atom is present in a molecule, that will show a n/n+2 ratio of 100/32.4 (35Cl/37Cl ratio of 100/32.4). 15,16 Hence only C,H,N and O elements were limited on search. Still hundreds of composition are left to be examined to find correct elemental composition . The second exclusion that is Nitrogen rule14 which was used to eliminate many of those composition. Since the unknown impurity molecular weight is odd number, we can eliminate all the composition with the even number of nitrogen in list. The following table shows considerable elemental composition left after above two exclusions . Table 04. Possible elemental composition and its Monoisotopic mass Elemental Composition Calculated Monoisotopic mass C12H25N9O3 343.2080 C16H29N3O5 343.2107 C23H25N3 343.2048 C21H29NO3 343.2147 C12H29N3O8 343.1955 C15H29N5O4 343.2220 C24H25NO 343.1936 The monoisotopic mass of main active compound is 303.14 and it contains 18 carbon on that molecule. Unknown impurity has the monoisotopic mass value 40 amu higher than the active compound. Therfore if it is been assumed that unknown impurity has more than 18 carbon on its molecule, only two elemental composition would be remained. i.e. C23H25N3 (343.2048) and C24H25NO (343.1936). LC -MS/MS (Tandem mass )Analysis of Phenoxybenzamine HCl Injection Concentrate Thermo TSQ Quantum Access LC-MS/MS was employed for the selective ion monitoring. The unknown impurity fractions , Phenoxybenzamine HCl standard (sigma ) and Impurity B standard were analysed. Analysis of Phenoxybenzamine HCl standard Parameter used: Parent mass: 304.4 Scan time: 0.5000 Collision energy: 16 Collision gas pressure: 1.1 Barr Spray Voltage: 4000 Scan Mode: Product Ion Scan Fig. 08 Product ion scan mass spectrum of Phenoxybenzamine Standard Peaks at m/z 63, 84, 91,107,120, 135 and 212 were observed. The base peak is observed at m/z 91 benzyl fragment . It is stabilized by the resonance form of benzene.17 The following figure illustrates the break downs and its corresponding mass units observed in the product ion scan spectrum. Fig. 09 Illustration of break downs of Phenoxybenzamine Apart from the peaks illustrated on above figure, the peaks at m/z 120 arise due to mass unit CH2NCH2CH2Cl + H+ . This is the middle portion after the mass unit at m/z 91 and 93 break apart from the whole Phenoxybenzamine molecule. i.e M + H+ the molecular ion is m/z 304, but 304 (91+93) = 120 . Analysis of Impurity B standard Parameter used: Parent mass: 286 Scan time: 0.5000 Collision energy: 16 Collision gas pressure: 1.1 Barr Spray Voltage: 4000 Scan Mode: Product Ion Scan Fig. 09 Product ion scan mass spectrum of Impurity B Standard Product Scan spectrum shows peaks at m/z 84, 91,102,107,135,178,194 and 285. The base peak is m/z 91and the molecular ion is m/z 286. The following figure illustrates the break downs and its corresponding mass units observed in the product ion scan spectrum. Fig. 09 Illustration of break downs of Impurity B As seen in the Phenoxybenzamine product ion scan spectrum the removal of mass units m/z 91 and 93 also is observed in this Impurity B spectrum. i.e . there is a peak arise at m/z 102 , this is due removal mass units m/z 91 and 93 from the molecular ion m/z 286. [286-(91+93)=102] Analysis of Unknown Impurity Parameter used: Parent mass: 286 Scan time: 0.5000 Collision energy: 16 Collision gas pressure: 1.1 Barr Spray Voltage: 4000 Scan Mode: Product Ion Scan Fig. 10 Product ion scan mass spectrum of Unknown Impurity Product ion Scan spectrum shows peaks at m/z 84,91,107,119,135,152,160,178,251,267 and 344 . Here the molecular ion peak and base peak are same at m/z 344. This mass spectrum shows quiet similar fragmentation pattern with Phenoxybenzamine and the impurity B were analysed before. Peaks at m/z 84, 91, 93, 107, and 135 are found in all three , Phenoxybenzamine , Impurity B and unknown impurity product ion scan spectrum. Also as studied previously in the spectrum of PBA and impurity B, the deduction of the mass units m/z 91 and 93 from the molecular ion (m/z 344) results a obvious sharp peak at m/z 160. From the facts studied above in product ion scan mass spectrum and accurate mass measurement for elemental composition using TOF -MS , It can be hypothesized a structure of the unknown impurity . The proposed structure for unknown impurity is shown below in figure. Fig. 11 The Molecular Structure proposed for unknown impurity, N-benzyl-N-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl] -1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine The proposed structure can be rationalized with the product ion mass spectrum of unknown impurity. Following fig.12 shows the break downs of the unknown impurity that correspond to the peaks observed on mass spectrum. Fig. 12 Illustration of break downs of Unknown Impurity Most of the impurities found in pharmaceutical compounds usually process-related compounds; they are most probably structurally similar to the synthesized target drugs. It is prominent to study the synthesis route of active pharmaceutical ingredient (API), when the unknown impurity of drugs substance is been identified. Unfortunately the original synthesis route followed by the API manufacturer of Phenoxybenzamine is not known. The prediction for synthesis route of Phenoxybenzamine with possibilities for arising of other 3 Identified process related impurities (A, B, and C) is shown in the following scheme below based on Giardink(1995).13 + (a) (ii) (iii) (iv) (b) (v) (c) (d) (vii) (vi) (a)Oxidation ;(b) 1-phenylmethanamine, HC1/EtOH,molecular sieves 4A, NaBH3CN; (c) Br(CH2)2OH, K2CO3, EtOH; (d) SOCI 2, HCI (g), Benzene (i)phenol; (2)2-methyl oxirane ;(3)1-phenoxypropan-2-ol;(4) 1-phenoxypropan-2-one; (5) N-benzyl-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine; (6) 2-[benzyl(1-phenoxypropan-2-yl)amino]ethanol;(7) N-benzyl-N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine (Phenoxybenzamine) Scheme 1. Predicted synthesis route for Phenoxybenzamine Formation of Impurity A The reaction between phenol (i) and 2-methyl oxirane (ii) is SN2 nucleophilic substitution. Nucleophiles are more reactive to most substituted carbon of epoxides under acidic condition and least substituted carbon is favoured under basic condition.19 In this case carbon position 2 (fig.13) is favoured under basic condition and its form 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol ,which is the precursor molecule for PBA . Fig. 13 Structure of 2-methyl oxirane To very few extent the nucleophiles react at carbon position 3 will form 2-phenoxypropan-1-ol, which will lead to the formation of Impurity A along synthesis process of PBA. Fig.14 Structure of 2-phenoxypropan-1-ol Formation of Impurity B and Impurity C Impurity B, 2-[benzyl(1-phenoxypropan-2-yl)amino]ethanol is intermediate product during synthesis. Refer structure (vi) of scheme 01 . Impurity C, N-(2-chloroethyl)-1-phenoxypropan-2-amine formed due to chlorination of intermediate product 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol (refer structure (iii) of scheme 01). The unoxidised 1-phenoxypropan-2-ol left over is chlorinated by SOCI 2, HCI during last step of the synthesis. Refer (d) of the scheme. CONCLUSIONS Preliminary structural assignments for unknown impurity of Phenoxybenzamine Injection were made on the basis of mass spectral data. Initially the works started with transferring HPLC method from Zeta Lab to Kingston university and developing a LC-MS chromatographic method. Ammonium formate volatile buffer was replaced for phosphate buffer in HPLC method . Same chromatographic development was able to replicated with ammonium formate buffer. Accurate mass measurement was carried out on ESI-TOF LC-MS . Also this studies led to determine possible empirical formula . Then LC-MS/MS analysis was performed. The Product ion Scan mass spectral data are very vital information in final structural elucidation of unknown impurity. The structure deduced from MS/MS confirms the empirical formula C24H25NO that derived with LC-TOF-MS spectral data. Eventually the impurity identified in this this preliminary structural assignments , which eluted at retention time of 8.7 minute was predicted as N-benzyl-N-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl] -1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine . The proposed molecular structure for unknown impurity is shown in fig.11 . The formation of impurities A, B and C those had already identified by manufacture were described based on the predicted synthesis route for Phenoxybenzamine . The formation unknown impurity was not able to explained at this stage of this project since the reaction would have occurred found to be more complicated. This project work was wrapped up at this stage due to time limitation. Further to these preliminary structural assignments various spectroscopic studies such as LC-NMR and IR need to be carried out to complete the characterization of the unknown compound. Ultimately the proposed st ructure can be confirmed by synthesizing N-benzyl-N-[(E)-2-phenylethenyl] -1- phenoxy-propan-2-amine in future.

Perils of Indifference Rhetorical Analysis Essay

At the end, and the start of a new millennium, or world has witnessed both atrocities and amazing displays of human compassion. In The Perils of Indifference Elie Wiesel successfully portrays his thoughts by applying anaphora’s, and the distribution of both ethos and pathos. Throughout his speech Wiesel repeats the word indifference quite often. An anaphora is the repetition of the same word or group of words in the beginning of successive clauses. â€Å"To be indifferent to that suffering is what makes the human inhuman. Indifference, after all, is more dangerous than anger and hatred.† Expresses the true emotional depth of the Holocaust by creating a mental picture of one having gone through pain and torture and have no emotion. By speaking with the appropriate pauses and tone, Wiesel’s audience felt what he was trying to convey. The display of pathos in his speech grasps the reader with the vast emotions and personal descriptions of his torment and others demise. â€Å"You fight it. You denounce it. You disarm it.†, is the rebel like feelings the prisoners continuously expressed. Finally ethos deals with credibility. Wiesel not only lived during the Holocaust, he survived it. He fought alongside many other Jews for their survival. He gives detail on and about his friends and family stationed at the camp with him. Wiesel goes in depth with the horrid memories he and many others endured. The Holocaust was like Hell on earth. During this era millions of Jews died for their beliefs. Wiesel has relived his experience multiple times in his book Night and his speech The Perils of Indifference. He uses anaphora’s and both ethos and pathos to successfully convey his thoughts and meanings of the Holocaust.

Biography Of Rachel Carson

A zoologist, biologist, environmentalist, writer, ecologist and a champion of nature conservation- Rachel Carson was all this and much more. From writing radio scripts during Depression to being the author of the best selling â€Å"Silent Spring† her journey was long, illustrious and motivational. The way she battled all odds, struggled with financial troubles and then later suffered all the indignities thrown at her after the publication of â€Å"Silent Spring† teaches us a lot about life and makes us look up to her with respect and admiration.Her early life was instrumental in making her the person she was. Her interest in nature was kindled during her childhood. Rachel Carson was born on May 27, 1907 of a father who was an ambitious real estate developer and a mother who was a teacher. Her father’s plans for their estate in Springdale, Pennsylvania did not quite materialize and thus from the very childhood, Rachel was no alien to financial difficulties. Her mo ther instilled in Rachel her own love for nature and books.Hence the training of a future environmentalist and a best selling author began early in life. Rachel started writing at a very early age and her publication was for a children’s magazine at the age of ten. Thus the die was cast and she was to follow this course till the very end of her life. After passing out from Parnassus High School, she enrolled in the Pennsylvanian college for Women (now Chatham College). She majored in English but later changed her subject to zoology.In 1932, Carson received her master’s degree. Her financial condition took a turn for the worse during the Depression and especially after the death of her father in 1935. Desperately trying to make ends meet for her family, she accepted the job of a radio writer for a programme on fishery and marine life produced by the United States Bureau of Fisheries. There seemed no end in sight to her miseries on the personal front. Her sister died in 1936, leaving behind two daughters.Carson took the girls in as part of family and they shifted to Silver Spring, Maryland to counter problems like her commutation to her job, the girls’ education and her mother’s old age. Following her excellent performance in the civil services examination, Carson went out to become the first ever female biologist to work at the Bureau. This was the beginning of a career that would see her influence the whole world with her writings.Her essay â€Å"Undersea†, published by Atlantic Monthly in September 1936, was the much needed and richly deserved breakthrough for her dual career. Bringing in rave reviews from scientists as well as literary circles, it lent weight to Carson’s belief that she could synchronize both her interests- of writing as well as nature- successfully. Impressed by her writing flair and lyrical style, famous author Hendrik William Van Loon (â€Å"The Story of Mankind†) persuaded his publisher to contact Rachel Carson who agreed the â€Å"Under the Sea Wind†.Presenting a naturalist’s picture of oceanic life, this book was a beautiful and sensitive description of the struggle for life of aquatic species. Her writing prowess succeeded in making an extremely engrossing reading out of scientific facts. The book was well received in both scientific and literary circuits. However it was not a commercial success as the release clashed with Pearl Harbor and consequently sales dipped.During World War II, she worked in the capacity of the Assistant to the Chief of the Office of Information in the Fish and Wildlife Service. Food was in short supply and her four pamphlets involving information on fish as food served multiple purposes of information source for print as well as radio media. Her series of twelve booklets, four of them authored by her, called â€Å"Conservation in Action† came out in the post war years.They propagated her ideal views of co- existence o f nature and humans and sought to inspire in people a respect for nature and an attitude for conservation. In 1948, she was appointed the editor- in- chief of the information Division- a noteworthy achievement in a male dominated profession. Meanwhile her research on the oceanic world continued in all the leisure time that she could afford. This research was what made the â€Å"The Sea Around Us† the bestseller that it was.â€Å"The Sea Around Us† was a bestseller beyond everyone’s imaginations. The pre- publication release of the first chapter by Yale Review was just the beginning of the fanfare. Carson won the George Washington Science Writing Award. When it was finally released by Oxford University Press in 1951, it was already a bestseller and topped charts for the following 81 weeks. In th euphoria created by â€Å"The Sea Around Us† , her publisher decided to re release â€Å"Under the Sea Wind†.This book also got the success it deserved, tho ugh a little belated. The phenomenal success of both the books helped Carson get her finances in order and she was able to quit her job at Fish and Wildlife Service to devote all her time to writing. â€Å"The Edge of the Sea† was published in 1955 and instantly became a huge success and remained so for the twenty- three weeks to come. It was a straight- from- the- heart account of the aquatic life on the sea shores.Again her writing capability and the deep seated feelings for oceanic species made it much more than a mere collection of scientific data and a dull set of guidelines. Around the same time, her article â€Å"Help your Child to Wonder† written for the women’s Home Companion, was another mover and shaker. In this article she gave directions to the parents to make their children aware of the wonders of nature and make them conscious of their natural environment.The personal touch that made the article strike a chord among the readers came from her own a ffection for her nieces and her grandnephew who she later adopted legally. An unmarried woman, with no children of her own, wrote the piece with all the nuances of a mother inspiring her children to look around with curiosity. In 1962, came the book that made the world sit up and notice. â€Å"Silent Spring† attracted many opinions; not all of them were flattering.Based on her research on the ill effects of pesticides on animal and human world, it brought a deluge of savage comments from those whose interests clashed with the ideas expressed in the book. Agricultural and trade journals, pesticide producers and owners of chemical factories- all attacked Carson and generated a lot of negative publicity. But nevertheless, â€Å"Silent Spring† appealed to the public and became a best seller. It generated a wave of environmental concerns. Even President John F.Kennedy was moved by the book and appointed a special panel to examine the various points the book raised. All the research, investigation and hard work that Carson had put in the book bore results and even the Presidential Committee confirmed Rachel’s concerns about the pesticides. The book raised genuine concerns about the concentration of DDT in the food chain and these timely concerns led to early action and averted what could have been a catastrophe after a few years.But what Carson had to suffer for making her views public was unbelievable. Her health failed her and yet she endured the barrage of ill meaning comments thrown at her after publication of â€Å"Silent Spring†. Breast cancer finally took its toll on her life and Rachel Carson died o April 14, 1964. Many laurels were bestowed on her during her lifetime and she deserved each one of them. She was presented with the Schweitzer Medal of the Animal Welfare Institute.She was also given the National Wildlife Federation’s â€Å"Conservationist of the Year†. But perhaps the greatest award was the response her readers gave her. Their admiration, adulation and their applause made her into an icon, a status she richly deserved. Her ideas of environmental concerns became really famous and common after her death. She was never against technology and development; it was only indiscriminate and reckless progress that irked her.She campaigned for controlled and calculated use of pesticides through her book â€Å"Silent Spring† Rachel Carson was responsible for environmental concern becoming the household term that it is now. Her revolutionary ideas set the trail for others to follow. Now the whole world has woken up to the harmful effects of pesticides to food chains. At that time, however she had been saddled with negative comments and personal humiliation. Her personal life was also littered with losses throughout.A spinster till death, she had to suffer a lot of speculation over her long and intimate friendship with Dorothy Freeman. A lot can be learnt from her life which was a roller coaster ride with many twists and turns. A rich and true tribute to her persona will be our waking up to the damage being done to our fragile eco- system and our efforts to rectify that. WORKS CITED â€Å"Breaking Nature’s Silence: Pennsylvania’s Rachel Carson† Lisa Budwig â€Å"Rachel Carson Dies of Cancer: ‘Silent Spring’ author was 56† Obituary, The New York Times. .

Napoleon Bonaparte’s Failed Invasion of Russia in 1812

Napoleon Bonaparte’s failed invasion of Russia in 1812 was the cause of his eventual downfall. To what extent do you agree with this statement? To a large extent, Napoleon Bonaparte’s failed invasion of Russia was the cause of his eventual downfall. In 1812 Napoleon marched with his Grand Army into Russia in an attempt to seize the country. The crushing defeat which followed devastated the army, leaving it incapacitated and vulnerable. This venture into Russia crippled Napoleon’s quest for European domination, and destroyed his fiercely defended reputation as an indestructible leader. While Napoleon was at war various coup d’à ©tat (overthrow) attempts were made back in France, showing that he had chosen an inopportune time to leave the†¦show more content†¦Napoleon made many mistakes in his invasion into Russia. He was a brilliant leader, but in the later years of his life his tactical genius faltered, perhaps due to illness. His invasion was planned with little preparation or focus, and without proper purpose. Napoleon may have been affected by illness, or even arrogance because of his previo us victories. He believed that he was infallible, and so he did not assess the situation correctly. His oversights cost him a victory and eventually his title as Emperor of France. The Russian campaign was the greatest catastrophe in his entire career and signalled to those opposing him that he was no longer indestructible. Prior to the defeat, many had believed Napoleon to be an undefeated military genius and because of this few wished to oppose him. The crippling Russian failure exposed a weakness which the enemies of France were quick to exploit. Napoleon himself realised this and hurried home to France in an attempt to stop news of the defeat from spreading, though this was in vain. Britain, Russia, Sweden and Prussia prepared to go to war with Napoleon. In the year following his defeat, Napoleon raised an army of around 400 000 to go to war against the allied powers. However, this army was inexperienced and outnumbered. The defeat of the Grand Army had rid France of its best so ldiers, and many in the new army had never fought before. Napoleon’s empire was collapsing on every front.Show MoreRelatedThe Mistakes of the Brilliant General, Napoleon Bonaparte Essays1026 Words   |  5 PagesThe assumption held by many that Napoleon Bonaparte was a brilliant general and an exceptional leader is debatable when the Frenchman’s many mistakes are revealed. Bonaparte was born to a wealthy family with previous political connections (Wilde 1). He entered a military academy at only nine years old and entered the French Army Artillery Regiment seven years later (Wilde 1). 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