Business research literary review on action research Essay

Business research literary review on action research - Essay Example The sequence of steps includes â€Å"once scenario is studied: a corrective plan is determined, planned and implemented; results of the action are observed and recorded; and the action is assess as effective or not† (Cooper & Schlinder, 2011). This literature review will take a journey through the foundations of action research, cases using action research and opportunities opened because of action research. Foundations of Action Research: Stephens, J., Barton, J., & Haslett, T. (2009). Action Research: Its History and Relationship to Scientific Methodology. Systemic Practice & Action Research, 22(6), 463-474. doi:10.1007/s11213-009-9147-7 As it has been discussed briefly in the introduction, action research is a method of research that seeks to address practical problems. In such a way, it oftentimes deviates from the standard approach in which the scientific method seeks to identify an issue, theorize with regards to a solution, and/or measure whether or not such a theory is relevant and pertinent. Ultimately, this key level of deviation is one of the core compliments of why action research came to be born out of the already working processes of the scientific method. Stevens et al. ... The authors indicate that these drawbacks are concentric around whether or not the idea is more driven from the researcher’s agenda or more driven from the participants; whether or not individuals are motivated by an instrumental goal of whether or not a narrow level of focus skews the research results with regards to applying it to a larger test group or situation. Naturally, this is not to say that action research is inherently flawed; rather, it merely denotes the fact that it holds a level of benefit as well as a level of difficulties as compared to traditional scientific methodological research. Boog, B. M. (2003). The emancipatory character of action research, its history and the present state of the art. Journal Of Community & Applied Social Psychology, 13(6), 426-438. Many researchers have underscored the fact that from the very beginning action research has been intended to be an emancipatory style. Compared to traditional scientific methodological research, action re search is something of a free-form and evolutionary style that allows participants to engage in a double-sided process of research. Moreover, due to the fact that the relationship between the researcher and the subjects is so critical with regards to developing a key level of inference and/or determinacy, Boog (2003) notes that the evolving character of action research demands a high level of emphasis be placed upon the approach with which the researcher engages the participants. Although Boog argues that this is not a new construct of action research, he also denotes the fact that without a type of constraining influence, the evolutionary history that has thus far been exhibited with regards to action research will ultimately transform it into an unrecognizable entity. As a direct

How the marketing of services differs from the marketing of products Essay

How the marketing of services differs from the marketing of products - Essay Example How the marketing of services differs from the marketing of products? When conducting the marketing of services, it is vital to depict the processes and proof of the service so that customers can have a positive image about the reliability of the services. Positive images and expectations allow the element of perceived value to be built in the consumer’s mind. In marketing products, there is no proof required as the product is something tangible that can be analyzed before buying and has the option of being returned if customers are not satisfied with it. For products, customers may be willing to pay a price before even viewing the actual price and this is based on the value perceived by the customer for the product. In products marketing, the price and benefits of the product is stated in the advertisement. In services marketing, it should be ensured to the customer that the service would be consistent and is going to meet the needs of the customer. Then the customer develops the perceived value for the service. Product pricing includes the material cost, the cost of distribution and the cost of manufacturing. The pricing of services include cost of offsite manufacturing and the traveling cost can be included if implied. The low cost in service pricing allows the firms to invest more in the service advertisements. In marketing the products and services, the place element of the marketing mix depends upon the type of products and services being offered. The products sold in retail outlets need to be in convenient location for the customers. For services, the place may not matter to the consumers.